For H.P. Lovecraft, with All My Conflicted Feelings
This blog title comes from the dedication in Victor LaValle's novella The Ballad of Black Tom, a retelling of H.P. Lovecraft's short story "The Horror at Red Hook." Ballad absolutely teems with these conflicted feelings, both a stark criticism of Lovecraft's xenophobic writing and appreciation for his creative mind—it is a love letter written in blood.
Lovecraft's blatant racism is evident in both his fictional and epistolary writings. In a letter to contemporary writer Clark Ashton Smith, Lovecraft describes the inspiration for the Red Hook short story:
"The idea that black magic exists in secret today, or that hellish antique rites still exist in obscurity, is one that I have used and shall use again. When you see my new tale "The Horror at Red Hook," you will see what use I make of the idea in connexion with the gangs of young loafers & herds of evil-looking foreigners that one sees everywhere in New York."¹
LaValle's novella is interesting in how it subverts and recontextualizes Lovecraft's xenophobia from the original short story. Tom is a black man from Harlem working for the story's main antagonist, Robert Suydam, a well-off white man. In this novella, Suydam convinces the "gangs of...evil-looking foreigners" of Red Hook to help him wake Cthulhu, appealing to their plight as people "forced to live in hybrid squalor."³ When Tom hears this, he realizes that helping Suydam would still be subjugation under white structures of power. He decides to awaken Cthulhu, but kills Suydam before he can take any throne.
This novella is what Colton Saylor would describe as radical horror. Saylor argues that horror as a genre possesses "deconstructive and diagnostic tendencies - in other words, moments of unsettling or violent spectacle - [that] allow for black radical narratives that reject the constructs of hegemony."² Tom's story is an example of a black radical narrative, one that resists white hegemonic structures of power through violence. This is first evident following the murder of his father by a policeman.
"His night with Robert Suydam returned to him, all of it, all at once. The breathless terror with which the old man spoke of the Sleeping King. A fear of cosmic indifference suddenly seemed comical, or downright naive...What was indifference compared to malice? 'Indifference would be such a relief,' Tommy said."³
During the climax of the novella, Tom, Robert, and a private investigator named Malone fight for control. This scene is from Malone's perspective, and he watches with horror as "Black Tom" brutally slices Suydam's throat with a razor. Malone also finds the policeman who had killed Tom's father, scalped by the same blade. Malone asks Tom why he's carrying out such violence, and he says, "I bear a hell within me. And finding myself unsympathized with, wished to tear up the trees, spread havoc and destruction around me, and then to have sat down and enjoyed the ruin." Malone responds, "You're a monster then," to which Tom replies, "I was made one."³
Malone's perspective here particularly heightens the horror aspects of this scene. "Black Tom's" actions seem especially horrific, colored by the perspective of a white man. But we are returned to Tom's narrative in the end. While talking to his friend, Tom says, "Every time I was around them, they acted like I was a monster. So I said goddamnit, I'll be the worst monster you ever saw!... The world will be remade for Him, and His kind. That white man was afraid of indifference; well, now he's going to find out what it's like."³ He's justifying the actions he took to resist Suydam's vie for power, for the vengeance carried out on his father's murderer, and for awaking the Sleeping King Chtulhu.
Saylor provides further insight into this connection between horror and black radical narratives. Building on writing from structuralist critic Tzvetan Todorov, Saylor argues that horror is like the fantastic. "The horror novel, in its images of the 'fantastic,' incites its readers into moments of contemplation that allow a space for the formation of new perspectives...These sites of 'hesitation' invoke tears in the fabric of power's infallibility, spaces that allow for the possibility of emergent black radical subjectivies."²
Now if that seems like a lot to unpack, it's because it is. But LaValle's story can help untangle Saylor's writing. The Sleeping King presents a horrific image of the "fantastic." This uncaring and enormous beast could wipe out the entire cosmos if it felt like it. Waking Cthulhu threatens the seemingly infallible nature of white power. Because it is Tom who wakes the Sleeping King, we are given the perspective of an agent of black radicalism.
It is difficult to reconcile the influence Lovecraft has had on the horror and science fiction genres with the harmful, racist underpinnings of his writing. But LaValle's novella uses the tools that Lovecraft provides the genre to create moments of "hesitation," of the "fantastic," wherein dominant structures of power can be challenged.
Footnotes:
- Kranc, S. H. (2010). The Uncanny Mirror: Race, Miscegenation & the Grammar(s) of the “Weird” in H. P. Lovecraft and China Miélville [conference presentation]. International Association for the Fantastic in Arts Conference, Florida. ttps://sites.psu.edu/speculations/2014/06/12/25/
- Saylor, C. (2019). Breaking Down the Door: Horror and Black Radical Fiction. Journal for the Study of Radicalism 13(2), 91-119. JhuProject MUSE -- Verification required!.
- LaValle, V. (2016). The Ballad of Black Tom. Tom Doherty Associates.
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